Communications for Protection and Control of Electrical Power Systems

Introduction

Protection systems are installed to prevent faults from damaging the electrical plant and to initiate isolation of faulted sections in order to maintain continuity of supply elsewhere on the system. Recent changes in technology together with changes in the manner in which Utilities and Industrial organizations operate has greatly emphasized the development of integrated protection and control.

Modern relays include facilities such as monitoring and recording capabilities, self-diagnostics, and permit adjustment of settings by remote control. In short, the role of the modern protection relay is primarily to act in a fault situation but increasingly finds application in transmitting information in connection with the operation of the system. It is however the relay response to fault situations that form the principal thrust of the current course.

This intensive training will focus on:

• Power System Fault Analysis
• Current and Voltage transformers
• Over Current and Earth Fault Protection
• Pilot Wire and Distance Protection
• Transformer, Generator, and Motor Protection
• Busbar Protection
• Protection Settings and Grading

Objectives

By the end of the training, participants will be able to:

• The nature of different types of electrical faults and the effect these faults can have on company assets
• Understanding of electrical fault protection systems
• Practical solutions for specifying and operating protection systems
• Comprehensive understanding of principles and selection of protection relays and protection schemes
• The requirement for testing of relays and protection systems

Training Methodology

This is an interactive course. There will be open question and answer sessions, regular group exercises and activities, videos, case studies, and presentations on best practice. Participants will have the opportunity to share with the facilitator and other participants on what works well and not so well for them, as well as work on issues from their own organizations. The online course is conducted online using MS-Teams/ClickMeeting.

Who Should Attend?

This course is intended for all Engineers and Senior Technicians from Electrical Utilization Companies and Industrial organizations, Building and Services Professionals, who have to deal with the aspects of electrical and industrial power systems protection, control and operation will also find the course beneficial. Participants need no specific requirements other than a good understanding of electrotechnology and some relevant experience.

Course Outline

• Short Circuit Calculation Method
• Three-Phase Fault
• Earth Fault
• Two-Phase Fault
• Open Circuit
• Modeling Components
• Short Circuit Calculation Procedure
• SC Calculations by Computer Program

Day 2:  Current and Voltage Transformers

• Current Transformers Theory
• Current Transformer Types
• Current Transformer Rated Characteristics
• Accuracy Class & CT Errors
• CT Magnetizing Curve
• CT Response to System Transients
• Current Transformers Earthing
• Current Transformer Connections
• Protection Requirements for CT
• Voltage Transformers Theory
• Voltage Transformer Types
• Voltage transformer rated characteristics
• VT accuracy & VT errors
• Effects on VT Performance
• Voltage Transformers Earthing
• Voltage Transformer Connections
• Optical Sensors Basics
• Optical Sensors Principle
• Optical Sensors

Characteristics Power System Earthing 

• Purpose of Earthing
• System Earthing Types
• Forming Neutral Point in Isolated

Systems Circuit Breakers

• Purpose of Circuit Breakers
• Circuit Breaker Types (HV, MV, LV)
• Circuit Breaker Tripping Characteristics

Overcurrent Protection

• OC Protection Principle of Operation
• OC Protection Requirements
• OC Protection Characteristics
• Directional OC protection
• OC Typical Data
• OC Protection

Applications Earth Fault Protection

• EF Protection Principle of Operation
• EF Protection Requirements
• EF Protection Characteristics
• EF Protection Typical Data
• EF Protection Applications
• Numerical Multifunctional OC & EF Relays

Day 3: Feeder Protection

• Feeders in Power Systems
• Pilot Wire Protection
• Pilot Wire Protection Schematics
• Pilot Wire Protection Characteristics
• Feeder Differential Protection
• Phase Angle Comparison
• Optical Differential Protection
• Communication Channels
• Feeder Diff Protection Characteristics
• Distance protection
• Distance protection zones & characteristics
• Distance protection schemes
• Distance protection issues
• Numerical distance protection

Transformer Protection

• Transformers in Power Systems
• Transformer Faults & Current Flow
• Magnetizing Inrush Current
• Transformer Protection Requirements
• Transformer Protection Concept
• Transformer Differential Protection
• Restricted Earth Fault Protection
• HV/LV Connections Protection
• HV Overcurrent protection
• LV Overcurrent & earth fault protection
• Neutral earth fault protection
• Transformer Mechanical Protection
• Transformer Tripping Circuits
• Earthing Transformer Protection
• Numerical Protection for Transformers
• Transformer Feeders Protection
• Ferroresonance, detection, and mitigating measures

Day 4:  Generator Protection

• Generator Principle of Operation & Types
• Generator Earthing
• Generator Connections
• Generator Faults
• Generator Protection Requirements
• Generator Protection Concept
• Generator Mechanical Protection
• Shaft Protection
• Reverse Power Protection
• Pole Slipping Protection
• Generator Differential Protection
• Stator Earth Fault Protection
• Overcurrent Protection
• Stator Thermal Protection
• Rotor Earth Fault Protection
• Over Excitation Protection
• Unbalanced Load Protection
• Overvoltage Protection
• Under-voltage Protection
• Frequency Protection
• Forward Power Protection
• Generator Protection

Summary Motor Protection 

• Motor Types
• Motor Principle of Operation
• Motor Considerations and Imposed External Conditions
• Motor Faults
• Motor Protection Requirements
• Motor Differential protection
• Overcurrent protection
• Overload protection
• Under load protection
• Earth fault protection
• Under-voltage protection
• Unbalanced protection
• Successive start protection
• Speed variation protection
• Loss of supply protection
• Out of synchronism protection
• Motor Protection Summary
• Numerical Motor Protection

Day 5:  Busbar Protection

• Busbars In Power Systems
• Busbar Protection Basics
• MV Busbar Protection
• High Impedance BB Protection
• Low Impedance BB Protection
• Numerical BB Protection
• Breaker Fail Protection

Protection Settings

• Protection Settings Calculations
• General Principles for Protection Settings
• Relay Configuration File Example
• Managing Protection Settings
• Overcurrent Protection Setting Calculations
• Transformer Differential Protection Setting Calculations
• Distance Protection Setting

Calculations Protection Grading

• Protection Time-based Grading
• Current-based Grading
• Logic-based Grading
• Case Study for Time Based Grading of OC Protection
• Course Conclusion